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Image:Venera3.jpg 300px Venera-3 3MV-3 No. 1. Image:Venera3pennants.jpg 300px Venera-3 pennants sent to Venus Image:Venera3pennants2.jpg 300px Venera-3 pennants sent to Venus Image:Venera3pennants3.jpg 300px Venera-3 pennants sent to Venus Category:Spacecraft

Image:Venera1.jpg 300px Venera 1 probe Image:VeneraPravda.jpg 300px Pravda report on Venera 1 Category:Spacecraft

Image:Venera2.jpg 300px Venera II probe in museum Image:Venera2-2.jpg 300px Venera-2 3MV-4 No. 4. Category:Spacecraft

... a reserve of cold temperature that would permit operation for about an hour before overheating. Venera 10 , launched 14 June and following the same procedure, had separated from its orbiter 23 ... landing site, 0.4 to 0.7 meter per sec ( Venera 9 ) and 0.8 to 1.3 meter per sec ( Venera 10 ); natural radioactive elements in Venus rock, 0.3% potassium ... information relayed from Venus had still to be processed. Cameras in the orbiting spacecraft of Venera 9 and 10 had proceeded with photographing the dense cloudcover of Venus, their first pictures ...

... temperatures. Soviet studies of Mars failed, but Venera 9 and Venera 10 in 1975 transmitted the first images from the Venus surface, and Venera 11 and Venera 12 in 1978 collected data on radioactive soil. After separation and landing, Venera 13 had survived to send surface data relayed ...

June 2-7: The Soviet Union launched from Baykonur two interplanetary spacecraft, Venera 15 on June 2 on Venera 16 on June 7. The spacecraft first went into "an intermediate orbit of ... conduct atmospheric and surface research from orbit. Tass said that Venera 16 , "by its design and mission," was "analogous to" Venera 15 . Tass also mentioned the lapse of more than 20 years ... to land on Venus was Venera 3 , in March 1966; Venera 4 landed gradually and sent data on the planet's atmosphere for 93 minutes. Venera 13 and Venera 14 soft-landed in March ...

... descent module had made a soft landing some 800km from where Venera 12 's descent module had landed. Main task of Venera 11 and 12 was to examine the characteristics of various areas of Venus. After the descent module separated from Venera 11 Dec. 23, the spacecraft had proceeded on a flyby trajectory some 35 000km from ... relayed to earth. After leaving the zone of radio visibility and completing receipt of data, Venera 11 would continue in a heliocentric orbit. Scientific measurement and research begun on the earth ...

... fields, solar winds, and ultraviolet radiation. Tass said that Venera 9 was the heaviest in the U.S.S.R.'s Venera series and had "certain distinguishing design features." On 14 June at 9:30 am local time (12:30 am EDT) Venera 10 was successfully launched toward Venus from Baykonur Cosmodrome. Tass reported that "in design and ... . Council of International Cooperation in the Study and Exploration of Outer Space, revealed that the Venera mission called for a landing rather than just a flyby. ( GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER GSFC ...

... in Russian, Sept 9/78) The USSR had launched Venera 12 Sept. 14 with a design and purpose similar to those of Venera 11 , Tass announced. Onboard systems were functioning normally, and trajectories of both stations were close to original calculations. Venera 12 would also reach the vicinity of Venus in Dec. 1978. (FBIS, Tass in English ...

... which landers should enter the Venus atmosphere; the Russian report stated that Venera 9 entered at 20.5° and Venera 10 at 22.5° to the horizon. Besides the entry angle, the ... under surface temperatures of 482°C and pressure 90 times that of earth Venera 9 lander operated 53 min., Venera 10 65 min-the orbiters continued to transmit data on cloud cover ...

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