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... announced by the Air Force. ''(DOD Release 165-73)'' April 5-26: NASA's Pioneer 11 ( Pioneer-G ), second Jupiter probe, was successfully launched into an excellent trajectory from Eastern Test Range ... . The control center for Pioneer 11 was transferred April 16 from Jet Propulsion Laboratory to the Pioneer Missions Operations Center at Ames Research Center . On April 26 Pioneer 11 , traveling at 9.34 ...

... lander toward the planet 3mo later, about Aug. 7. Pioneer Venus 1 , an orbiter, should reach its destination by Dec. 7, 1978; Pioneer Venus 2 , a multiprobe spacecraft, would arrive 5days later ... 8, changing velocity to 12.6kph (7.8mph) to aim the Pioneer at the exact point for Venus orbit insertion. Pioneer Venus 1 , a spin-stabilized spacecraft with its spin axis perpendicular ...

... Pioneer 9 (launched Nov. 8, 1968). The program had begun with the launch of early lunar probes Pioneer 1 through 5 by Ames Research. Center. Later Pioneers - Pioneer 6 (launched Dec. 16, 1965), Pioneer 7 (launched Aug. 17, 1966), Pioneer 8 (launched Dec. 13, 1967), and Pioneer 9 - had been ...

... announced early findings of the 3 Dec. 1974 Pioneer 11 flyby of Jupiter. Data returned by Pioneer 11 (launched 5 April 1973, and renamed Pioneer-Saturn following the flyby) suggested that Jupiter's ... experienced peak intensities of high-energy electrons that were moderately higher than those found by Pioneer 10 , encountering 10 times as many electrons as predicted by earth-based studies. Peak intensities ...

... administrator for space science; Fred D. Kochendorfer, program manager for Pioneer Saturn; and Dr. John Wolfe of ARC, project scientist for Pioneer Saturn. A self-styled space exploration buff, Mutch recalled his ... for infrared, who had taken a sabbatical). He called the media coverage of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounters in 1973 and 1974 "outstanding." A plaque in the National Air ...

... Pioneer 7, Pioneer 8, and Pioneer 9, its sister craft, it constituted a network of solar weather stations circling the Sun millions of miles apart. All current Pioneers (6 through 11, and the Pioneer orbiter at Venus) were still operating; mission manager Richard Fimmel said that Pioneer 6 was so good "that we ...

... study ever made of Venus would begin in December when Pioneer Venus 1 and 2 arrived at the planet, NASA announced. Pioneer Venus 1 would swing into orbit around the planet Dec ... system would use automatic tuners, but would lose some data. Scientists believed that the coordinated Pioneer Venus atmospheric data, combined with similar data from Mars, Jupiter, and other planets, would aid ...

... correlations from five other instruments. Data showed that the heliosphere was far larger than predicted; Pioneer was seeking the boundary between the solar atmosphere and true interstellar space, probably 5 to ... the Sun and the resultant decline in solar brightness. However, mission controllers would use the Pioneer camera (photopolarimeter) to make star maps that would provide the rotation and attitude data needed ...

... side of the sun from earth, making observations difficult from earth (160 million miles away). Pioneer was the only spacecraft close to Halley's Comet during perihelion, and NASA expected that ... , Soviet, and Japanese spacecraft beginning March 6, 1986. Pioneer's first phase of observations would end January 4 when both Venus and Pioneer passed behind the sun for almost a month, cutting ...

... , which was expected to occur toward the end of the 1990s. Both Pioneer 10 and its sister spacecraft, Pioneer 11 , carried an easily interpreted graphic message in the event that they encountered any intelligent life forms on their journey. Scientists believed Pioneer 10 and 11 would travel among the stars virtually forever because the vacuum of interstellar ...

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